List of common abbreviations that do not require further definition within an article.
Source: Journal of Biological Chemistry. To re-sort the list, click a column heading.
| Abbreviation | Definition |
|---|---|
| ABC | ATP-binding cassette, e.g., ABC transporter |
| Ac | acetyl |
| AIDS | acquired immunodeficiency syndrome |
| ALS | amyotrophic lateral sclerosis |
| AMP, ADP, ATP | adenosine 5'-mono, di-, and triphosphates |
| ATPase | adenosine triphosphatase |
| β-gal | β-galactosidase |
| BSA | bovine serum albumin |
| cAMP | cyclic AMP (adenosine 3':5'-monophosphate) |
| CD | circular dichroism |
| cGMP | cyclic guanosine monophosphate |
| CHAPS | 3-(3-cholamidopropyl) diethyl-ammonio-1-propanesulfonate |
| ChIP | chromatin immunoprecipitation |
| CMP, CDP, CTP | cytidine 5'-mono-, di-, and triphosphates |
| CoA | coenzyme A |
| COSY | correlated spectroscopy |
| CRISPR | clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats |
| cryo-EM | cryo-electron microscopy |
| C-terminal | carboxy-terminal |
| d as in dADP, dTMP, etc. | deoxy |
| DEAD | acronym for Asp-Glu-Ala-Asp, e.g., DEAD-box helicase |
| DMSO | dimethyl sulfoxide |
| DNA | deoxyribonucleic acid |
| DNase | deoxyribonuclease |
| dsDNA | double-stranded DNA |
| dsRNA | double-stranded RNA |
| DTT | dithiothreitol |
| EC50 | half-maximal effective concentration |
| ED50 | half-maximal effective dose |
| EDTA | ethylenediaminetetraacetate |
| EGTA | [ethylenebis(oxyethylenenitrilo)]tetraacetic acid |
| ELISA | enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay |
| EM | electron microscopy |
| EPR | electron paramagnetic resonance |
| FACS | fluorescence-activated cell sorter/sorting |
| FAD, FADH2 | flavin-adenine dinucleotide and its fully reduced form |
| FITC | fluorescein isothiocyanate |
| fMet | formylmethionine |
| FMN | riboflavin 5'-phosphate |
| FPLC | fast protein liquid chromatography |
| FRET | Förster/fluorescence resonance energy transfer |
| FTIR | Fourier transform infrared |
| GABA | γ-aminobutyric acid |
| GalNAc | N-acetylgalactosamine |
| GC, GLC | gas chromatography, gas/liquid chromatography |
| GFP | green fluorescent protein |
| GlcNAc | N-acetylglucosamine |
| GMP, GDP, GTP | guanosine 5'-mono-, di-, and triphosphates |
| G protein | guanine nucleotide–binding regulatory protein |
| GSH/GSSG | glutathione and its disulfide form |
| Hepes or HEPES | 4-(2-hydroxyethyl)-1-piperazineethanesulfonic acid |
| HIV | human immunodeficiency virus |
| HPLC | high-performance/pressure liquid chromatography |
| IC50 | concentration giving half-maximal inhibition |
| ID50 | half-maximal infective dose |
| IDP, IMP, ITP | inosine 5'-mono-, di-, and triphosphates |
| IgG, etc. | immunoglobulin G, etc. |
| IR | infrared |
| kDa or Da | kilodalton, dalton |
| KM | Michaelis-Menten constant |
| LC/MS, LC-MS | liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry |
| LD50 | half-maximal lethal dose |
| mAb | monoclonal antibody |
| MALDI | matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization |
| MDM2 | mouse double minute 2 homolog |
| Mes or MES | 2-(N-morpholino)ethanesulfonic acid |
| Mops or MOPS | 3-(N-morpholino)propanesulfonic acid |
| MRI | magnetic resonance imaging |
| mRNA | messenger RNA |
| MS | mass spectrometry/spectroscopy |
| mTOR | mechanistic/mammalian target of rapamycin |
| Na,K-ATPase | sodium-potassium pump |
| NAD, NAD+, NADH | nicotinamide-adenine dinucleotide and its oxidized and reduced forms |
| NADP, NADP+, NADPH | nicotinamide-adenine dinucleotide phosphate and its oxidized and reduced forms |
| NF-κB | nuclear factor κ-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells |
| NMR | nuclear magnetic resonance |
| NOE | nuclear Overhauser effect/enhancement |
| NOESY | nuclear Overhauser effect/enhancement spectroscopy |
| N-terminal | amino-terminal |
| NMP, NTP, NDP | nucleoside 5'-mono-, di-, and triphosphates |
| O-GlcNAcylation | O-linked attachment of N-acetylglucosamine to proteins |
| ORF | open reading frame |
| PAGE | polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis |
| PBS | phosphate-buffered saline |
| PCR | polymerase chain reaction |
| PDZ | contraction of post-synaptic density protein 95, Drosophila disc large tumor suppressor, and zonula occludens-1, e.g., PDZ domain |
| PEG | polyethylene glycol |
| PET | positron-emission tomography |
| Pi | inorganic phosphate |
| Pipes or PIPES | piperazine-N-N'-bis(2-ethanesulfonic acid) |
| pKa | the logarithm of the acid dissociation constant |
| Poly(dG)Poly(dC), etc. | single-stranded DNA composed of polydeoxyguanylate, polydeoxycytidylate, etc. |
| Poly[d(A-T)], etc. | double-stranded DNA composed of polydeoxyadenylate and polydeoxythymidylate, etc. |
| PPi | inorganic pyrophosphate |
| RNA | ribonucleic acid |
| RNAi | RNA interference |
| RNA-Seq | RNA sequencing |
| RNase | ribonuclease |
| rRNA | ribosomal RNA |
| RT-PCR | reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction |
| SAH/AdoHcy | S-adenosylhomocysteine |
| SAM/AdoMet | S-adenosylmethionine |
| SDS | sodium dodecyl sulfate |
| siRNA | small interfering RNA |
| SNP | single-nucleotide polymorphism |
| TCA | trichloroacetic acid |
| TFA | trifluoroacetic acid |
| THF | tetrahydrofuran |
| TLC | thin-layer chromatography |
| TMP, TDP, TTP | ribosylthymine 5'-mono, di-, and triphosphates |
| TMS | trimethylsilyl |
| TOF | time-of-flight |
| Tris | tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane |
| tRNA | transfer RNA |
| t1/2 | half-life |
| UDP-galactose | uridine 5'-diphosphate-galactose |
| UDP-glucose | uridine 5'-diphosphate-glucose |
| UMP, UDP, UTP | uridine 5'-mono, di-, and triphosphates |
| UTR | untranslated region |
| UV | ultraviolet |
| Vmax | maximum velocity |
| WT | wildtype |